KJV: And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.
YLT: And on the following night, the Lord having stood by him, said, 'Take courage, Paul, for as thou didst fully testify the things concerning me at Jerusalem, so it behoveth thee also at Rome to testify.'
Darby: But the following night the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good courage; for as thou hast testified the things concerning me at Jerusalem, so thou must bear witness at Rome also.
ASV: And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer: for as thou hast testified concerning me at Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.
| Τῇ | - |
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Parse: Article, Dative Feminine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| ἐπιούσῃ | the following |
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Parse: Verb, Present Participle Active, Dative Feminine Singular Root: ἔπειμι Sense: to come upon, approach. |
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| νυκτὶ | night |
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Parse: Noun, Dative Feminine Singular Root: νύξ Sense: night. |
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| ἐπιστὰς | having stood by |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Participle Active, Nominative Masculine Singular Root: ἐφίστημι Sense: to place at, place upon, place over. |
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| Κύριος | Lord |
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Parse: Noun, Nominative Masculine Singular Root: κύριος Sense: he to whom a person or thing belongs, about which he has power of deciding; master, lord. |
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| εἶπεν | said |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Indicative Active, 3rd Person Singular Root: λέγω Sense: to speak, say. |
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| Θάρσει | Take courage |
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Parse: Verb, Present Imperative Active, 2nd Person Singular Root: θαρσέω Sense: to be of good courage, be of good cheer. |
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| διεμαρτύρω | you have fully testified |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Indicative Middle, 2nd Person Singular Root: διαμαρτύρομαι Sense: to testify. |
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| τὰ | - |
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Parse: Article, Accusative Neuter Plural Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| περὶ | about |
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Parse: Preposition Root: περί Sense: about, concerning, on account of, because of, around, near. |
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| ἐμοῦ | Me |
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Parse: Personal / Possessive Pronoun, Genitive 1st Person Singular Root: ἐγώ Sense: I, me, my. |
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| εἰς | at |
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Parse: Preposition Root: εἰς Sense: into, unto, to, towards, for, among. |
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| Ἰερουσαλὴμ | Jerusalem |
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Parse: Noun, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: Ἰερουσαλήμ Sense: denotes either the city itself or the inhabitants. |
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| οὕτω | so |
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Parse: Adverb Root: οὕτως Sense: in this manner, thus, so. |
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| δεῖ | it behooves |
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Parse: Verb, Present Indicative Active, 3rd Person Singular Root: δεῖ Sense: it is necessary, there is need of, it behooves, is right and proper. |
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| καὶ | also |
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Parse: Conjunction Root: καί Sense: and, also, even, indeed, but. |
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| Ῥώμην | Rome |
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Parse: Noun, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: Ῥώμη Sense: the famous capital of the ancient world. |
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| μαρτυρῆσαι | to testify |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Infinitive Active Root: μαρτυρέω Sense: to be a witness, to bear witness, i.e. to affirm that one has seen or heard or experienced something, or that he knows it because taught by divine revelation or inspiration. |
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Greek Commentary for Acts 23:11
Locative case, on the next (following) night. [source]
Jesus. Paul never needed Jesus more than now. On a previous occasion the whole church prayed for Peter‘s release (Acts 12:5), but Paul clearly had no such grip on the church as that, though he had been kindly welcomed (Acts 21:18). In every crisis Jesus appears to him (cf. Acts 18:9). It looked dark for Paul till Jesus spoke. Once before in Jerusalem Jesus spoke words of cheer (Acts 22:18). Then he was told to leave Jerusalem. Now he is to have “cheer” or “courage” Jesus used this very word to others (Matthew 9:2, Matthew 9:22; Mark 10:49). It is a brave word. Thou hast testified (διεμαρτυρω diemarturō). First aorist middle indicative second person singular of διαμαρτυρομαι diamarturomai strong word (See note on Acts 22:18). Must thou That is the needed word and on this Paul leans. His hopes (Acts 19:21) of going to Rome will not be in vain. He can bide Christ‘s time now. And Jesus has approved his witness in Jerusalem. [source]
First aorist middle indicative second person singular of διαμαρτυρομαι diamarturomai strong word (See note on Acts 22:18). [source]
That is the needed word and on this Paul leans. His hopes (Acts 19:21) of going to Rome will not be in vain. He can bide Christ‘s time now. And Jesus has approved his witness in Jerusalem. [source]
Reverse Greek Commentary Search for Acts 23:11
Or stood by them, suddenly. Compare Luke 24:4; Acts 22:20; Acts 23:11. Of dreams orvisions, to appear to. [source]
First aorist active indicative of compound verb ευτυδρομεω euthudromeō (in Philo) from adjective ευτυδρομος euthudromos (in Strabo), running a straight course In the N.T. only here and Acts 21:1. It is a nautical term for sailing before the wind. Luke has a true feeling for the sea. To Samothrace (τηι επιουσηι eis Samothrāikēn). A small island in the Aegean about halfway between Troas and Neapolis. The day following Locative case of time with εις Νεαν Πολιν hēmerāi (day) to be supplied (Acts 7:26; Acts 20:15; Acts 21:18; Acts 23:11). With adverse winds it took five days to make the run of 125 miles (Acts 20:6). To Neapolis (eis Nean Polin). To New Town (Newton, Naples, Neapolis). The port of Philippi ten miles distant, Thracian, but reckoned as Macedonian after Vespasian. [source]
Locative case of time with εις Νεαν Πολιν hēmerāi (day) to be supplied (Acts 7:26; Acts 20:15; Acts 21:18; Acts 23:11). With adverse winds it took five days to make the run of 125 miles (Acts 20:6). To Neapolis (eis Nean Polin). To New Town (Newton, Naples, Neapolis). The port of Philippi ten miles distant, Thracian, but reckoned as Macedonian after Vespasian. [source]
Jesus had given this promise to all believers (Matthew 28:20) and here he renews it to Paul. This promise changes Paul‘s whole outlook. Jesus had spoken to Paul before, on the way to Damascus (Acts 9:4), in Jerusalem (Acts 22:17.), in Troas (Acts 16:9), in great crises of his life. He will hear him again (Acts 23:11; Acts 27:23). Paul knows the voice of Jesus. [source]
Word Macedonia and Achaia (την Μακεδονιαν και Αχαιαν tēn Makedonian kai Achaian). This was the way that he actually went, but originally he had planned to go to Achaia (Corinth) and then to Macedonia, as he says in 2 Corinthians 1:15., but he had now changed that purpose, perhaps because of the bad news from Corinth. Already when he wrote I Corinthians he proposed to go first to Macedonia (1 Corinthians 16:5-7). He even hoped to spend the winter in Corinth “if the Lord permit” and to remain in Ephesus till Pentecost, neither of which things he did. I must also see Rome This section of Acts begins with Rome in the horizon of Paul‘s plans and the book closes with Paul in Rome (Rackham). Here he feels the necessity of going as in Romans 1:15 he feels himself “debtor” to all including “those in Rome” (Romans 1:16). Paul had long desired to go to Rome (Romans 1:10), but had been frequently hindered (Romans 1:13), but he has definitely set his face to go to Rome and on to Spain (Romans 15:23-29). Paley calls sharp attention to this parallel between Acts 19:21 and Romans 1:10-15; Romans 15:23-29. Rome had a fascination for Paul as the home of Aquila and Priscilla and numerous other friends (Romans 16), but chiefly as the capital of the Roman Empire and a necessary goal in Paul‘s ambition to win it to Jesus Christ. His great work in Asia had stirred afresh in him the desire to do his part for Rome. He wrote to Rome from Corinth not long after this and in Jerusalem Jesus in vision will confirm the necessity (δει dei) that Paul see Rome (Acts 23:11). [source]
This section of Acts begins with Rome in the horizon of Paul‘s plans and the book closes with Paul in Rome (Rackham). Here he feels the necessity of going as in Romans 1:15 he feels himself “debtor” to all including “those in Rome” (Romans 1:16). Paul had long desired to go to Rome (Romans 1:10), but had been frequently hindered (Romans 1:13), but he has definitely set his face to go to Rome and on to Spain (Romans 15:23-29). Paley calls sharp attention to this parallel between Acts 19:21 and Romans 1:10-15; Romans 15:23-29. Rome had a fascination for Paul as the home of Aquila and Priscilla and numerous other friends (Romans 16), but chiefly as the capital of the Roman Empire and a necessary goal in Paul‘s ambition to win it to Jesus Christ. His great work in Asia had stirred afresh in him the desire to do his part for Rome. He wrote to Rome from Corinth not long after this and in Jerusalem Jesus in vision will confirm the necessity (δει dei) that Paul see Rome (Acts 23:11). [source]
First aorist participle indirect middle, calling to himself. Paul laid his plans as energetically as if Jesus had not promised that he would see Rome (Acts 23:11). [source]
Here again οραω hōn is genitive of the accusative (general reference) relative απεκριτην ha attracted to the case of the antecedent εποβητην toutōn or ekeinōn as before. But ophthēsomai is first future passive of horaō and cannot be treated as active or middle. Page takes it to mean “the visions in which I shall be seen by you,” the passive form bringing out the agency of God. See those in Acts 18:9; Acts 23:11; 2 Corinthians 12:2. The passive voice, however, like apekrithēn and ephobēthēn did become sometimes transitive in the Koiné{[28928]}š (Robertson, Grammar, p. 819). [source]
Note the same δει dei (must) as in Acts 23:11 when Jesus appeared to Paul in Jerusalem and the same verb παραστηναι parastēnai (second aorist active infinitive) used in Acts 27:23. [source]
So at last. Luke is exultant as Page observes: Paulus Romae captivus: triumphus unicus. It is the climax of the book of Acts (Acts 19:21; Acts 23:11), but not the close of Paul‘s career. Page rightly remarks that a new paragraph should begin with Acts 28:15, for brethren came from Rome and this part of the journey is touched with the flavour of that incident. The great event is that Paul reached Rome, but not as he had once hoped (Romans 15:22-29). [source]
A deputation of elders along with the high priest Ananias, not the whole Sanhedrin, but no hint of the forty conspirators or of the Asian Jews. The Sanhedrin had become divided so that now it is probably Ananias (mortally offended) and the Sadducees who take the lead in the prosecution of Paul. It is not clear whether after five days is from Paul‘s departure from Jerusalem or his arrival in Caesarea. If he spent nine days in Jerusalem, then the five days would be counted from then (Acts 23:11). The employment of a Roman lawyer (Latin orator) was necessary since the Jews were not familiar with Roman legal procedure and it was the custom in the provinces (Cicero pro Cael 30). The speech was probably in Latin which Paul may have understood also. ητωρ Rhētōr is a common old Greek word meaning a forensic orator or advocate but here only in the N.T. The Latin rhetor was a teacher of rhetoric, a very different thing. Tertullus is a diminutive of Tertius (Romans 16:22). [source]
Same condition with the difference in tense Old verb to ask alongside, to beg from, to deprecate, to refuse, to decline. See notes on Luke 14:18. Josephus (Life, 29) has thanein ou paraitoumai Here the articular second aorist active infinitive is in the accusative case the object of paraitoumai “I do not beg off dying from myself.” But if none of these things is παραιτουμαι Deuteronomy here is contrasted with ει δε ουδεν εστιν men just before. No word for “true” in the Greek. Δε Estin (“is”) in the Greek here means “exists.” Same condition (first class, assumed as true). Whereof these accuse me (μεν hōn houtoi katēgorousin mou). Genitive of relative Εστιν hon by attraction from ων ουτοι κατηγορουσιν μου ha (accusative with ον katēgorousin) to case of the unexpressed antecedent α toutōn (“of these things”). κατηγορουσιν Mou is genitive of person after τουτων katēgorousin No man can give me up to them “Can” legally. Paul is a Roman citizen and not even Festus can make a free gift Technical phrase like Latin Caesarem appello. Originally the Roman law allowed an appeal from the magistrate to the people (provocatio ad populum), but the emperor represented the people and so the appeal to Caesar was the right of every Roman citizen. Paul had crossed the Rubicon on this point and so took his case out of the hands of dilatory provincial justice (really injustice). Roman citizens could make this appeal in capital offences. There would be expense connected with it, but better that with some hope than delay and certain death in Jerusalem. Festus was no better than Felix in his vacillation and desire to curry favour with the Jews at Paul‘s expense. No doubt Paul‘s long desire to see Rome (Acts 19:21; Romans 15:22-28) and the promise of Jesus that he would see Rome (Acts 23:11) played some part in Paul‘s decision. But he made it reluctantly for he says in Rome (Acts 28:19): “I was constrained to appeal.” But acquittal at the hands of Festus with the hope of going to Rome as a free man had vanished. [source]
παραιτουμαι Deuteronomy here is contrasted with ει δε ουδεν εστιν men just before. No word for “true” in the Greek. Δε Estin (“is”) in the Greek here means “exists.” Same condition (first class, assumed as true). Whereof these accuse me (μεν hōn houtoi katēgorousin mou). Genitive of relative Εστιν hon by attraction from ων ουτοι κατηγορουσιν μου ha (accusative with ον katēgorousin) to case of the unexpressed antecedent α toutōn (“of these things”). κατηγορουσιν Mou is genitive of person after τουτων katēgorousin No man can give me up to them “Can” legally. Paul is a Roman citizen and not even Festus can make a free gift Technical phrase like Latin Caesarem appello. Originally the Roman law allowed an appeal from the magistrate to the people (provocatio ad populum), but the emperor represented the people and so the appeal to Caesar was the right of every Roman citizen. Paul had crossed the Rubicon on this point and so took his case out of the hands of dilatory provincial justice (really injustice). Roman citizens could make this appeal in capital offences. There would be expense connected with it, but better that with some hope than delay and certain death in Jerusalem. Festus was no better than Felix in his vacillation and desire to curry favour with the Jews at Paul‘s expense. No doubt Paul‘s long desire to see Rome (Acts 19:21; Romans 15:22-28) and the promise of Jesus that he would see Rome (Acts 23:11) played some part in Paul‘s decision. But he made it reluctantly for he says in Rome (Acts 28:19): “I was constrained to appeal.” But acquittal at the hands of Festus with the hope of going to Rome as a free man had vanished. [source]
Most of the priests were Sadducees now and all the chief priests since John Hyrcanus I deserted the Pharisees (Josephus, Ant. XVII. 10, 6; XVIII. 1, 4; XX. 9, 1). The Sadducees were slow to line up with the Pharisees against Jesus, but they now take the lead against Peter and John. Came upon them (επεστησαν αυτοις epestēsan autois). Second aorist active indicative (intransitive). Burst upon them suddenly or stood by them in a hostile attitude here (Luke 20:1; Luke 24:4; Acts 6:12; Acts 17:5; Acts 22:20; Acts 23:11). [source]
Second aorist active indicative (intransitive). Burst upon them suddenly or stood by them in a hostile attitude here (Luke 20:1; Luke 24:4; Acts 6:12; Acts 17:5; Acts 22:20; Acts 23:11). [source]
“Can” legally. Paul is a Roman citizen and not even Festus can make a free gift Technical phrase like Latin Caesarem appello. Originally the Roman law allowed an appeal from the magistrate to the people (provocatio ad populum), but the emperor represented the people and so the appeal to Caesar was the right of every Roman citizen. Paul had crossed the Rubicon on this point and so took his case out of the hands of dilatory provincial justice (really injustice). Roman citizens could make this appeal in capital offences. There would be expense connected with it, but better that with some hope than delay and certain death in Jerusalem. Festus was no better than Felix in his vacillation and desire to curry favour with the Jews at Paul‘s expense. No doubt Paul‘s long desire to see Rome (Acts 19:21; Romans 15:22-28) and the promise of Jesus that he would see Rome (Acts 23:11) played some part in Paul‘s decision. But he made it reluctantly for he says in Rome (Acts 28:19): “I was constrained to appeal.” But acquittal at the hands of Festus with the hope of going to Rome as a free man had vanished. [source]
Technical phrase like Latin Caesarem appello. Originally the Roman law allowed an appeal from the magistrate to the people (provocatio ad populum), but the emperor represented the people and so the appeal to Caesar was the right of every Roman citizen. Paul had crossed the Rubicon on this point and so took his case out of the hands of dilatory provincial justice (really injustice). Roman citizens could make this appeal in capital offences. There would be expense connected with it, but better that with some hope than delay and certain death in Jerusalem. Festus was no better than Felix in his vacillation and desire to curry favour with the Jews at Paul‘s expense. No doubt Paul‘s long desire to see Rome (Acts 19:21; Romans 15:22-28) and the promise of Jesus that he would see Rome (Acts 23:11) played some part in Paul‘s decision. But he made it reluctantly for he says in Rome (Acts 28:19): “I was constrained to appeal.” But acquittal at the hands of Festus with the hope of going to Rome as a free man had vanished. [source]
First aorist passive indicative of οραω horaō See Luke 22:43. To appoint thee (procheirisasthai se). See note on Acts 22:14 for this verb. Both of the things wherein thou hast seen me The reading ων τε οπτησομαι σοι me (not in all MSS.) makes it the object of ων eides (didst see) and α hōn is genitive of τουτων ha (accusative of general reference) attracted to the case of the unexpressed antecedent εκεινων toutōn Paul is thus a personal eyewitness of the Risen Christ (Luke 1:1; 1 Corinthians 4:1; 1 Corinthians 9:1). And of the things wherein I will appear unto thee (οπτησομαι hōn te ophthēsomai soi). Here again οραω hōn is genitive of the accusative (general reference) relative απεκριτην ha attracted to the case of the antecedent εποβητην toutōn or ekeinōn as before. But ophthēsomai is first future passive of horaō and cannot be treated as active or middle. Page takes it to mean “the visions in which I shall be seen by you,” the passive form bringing out the agency of God. See those in Acts 18:9; Acts 23:11; 2 Corinthians 12:2. The passive voice, however, like apekrithēn and ephobēthēn did become sometimes transitive in the Koiné{[28928]}š (Robertson, Grammar, p. 819). [source]
The reading ων τε οπτησομαι σοι me (not in all MSS.) makes it the object of ων eides (didst see) and α hōn is genitive of τουτων ha (accusative of general reference) attracted to the case of the unexpressed antecedent εκεινων toutōn Paul is thus a personal eyewitness of the Risen Christ (Luke 1:1; 1 Corinthians 4:1; 1 Corinthians 9:1). And of the things wherein I will appear unto thee (οπτησομαι hōn te ophthēsomai soi). Here again οραω hōn is genitive of the accusative (general reference) relative απεκριτην ha attracted to the case of the antecedent εποβητην toutōn or ekeinōn as before. But ophthēsomai is first future passive of horaō and cannot be treated as active or middle. Page takes it to mean “the visions in which I shall be seen by you,” the passive form bringing out the agency of God. See those in Acts 18:9; Acts 23:11; 2 Corinthians 12:2. The passive voice, however, like apekrithēn and ephobēthēn did become sometimes transitive in the Koiné{[28928]}š (Robertson, Grammar, p. 819). [source]
Accusative of extent of time. Paul and his party remained so long at the urgent request of the brethren. He was still a prisoner, but clearly Julius was only too glad to show another courtesy to Paul to whom they all owed their lives. It was 130 miles by land from Puteoli to Rome over one of the great Roman roads. And so we came to Rome (και ουτως εις την ομην ηλταμεν kai houtōs eis tēn Romēn ēlthamen). So at last. Luke is exultant as Page observes: Paulus Romae captivus: triumphus unicus. It is the climax of the book of Acts (Acts 19:21; Acts 23:11), but not the close of Paul‘s career. Page rightly remarks that a new paragraph should begin with Acts 28:15, for brethren came from Rome and this part of the journey is touched with the flavour of that incident. The great event is that Paul reached Rome, but not as he had once hoped (Romans 15:22-29). [source]
See on 2 Timothy 4:5. Lit. might be fulfilled; fully carried out by being proclaimed before rulers in the capital of the world. Comp. Romans 15:19; Acts 23:11; Acts 28:31; Philemon 1:12-14. [source]
Lit. so that, being of good courage, we say. Θαρρεῖν tobe confident or bold, only here in Hebrews. Elsewhere only in Paul. The kindred form θαρσεῖν is used in N.T. only in the imperative θάρσει or θαρσεῖτε takecourage. See Matthew 9:2; Mark 6:50; John 16:33; Acts 23:11. [source]